高中英语 · 核心语法与应试技巧语法 + 题型 + 写作

英语提分只有两条路：语法把句子读对，题型把分数捞稳。这一页按「时态 → 非谓语 → 三大从句 → 虚拟 → 倒装强调 → 词汇 → 阅读完形 → 写作」排下来，每个板块都是「规则 + 例句 + 易错点」，看不懂的地方点「看解析」。

一、时态体系：一张表看清 11 个时态

判断时态只看三件事：① 动作什么时候发生 ② 是"点"还是"段" ③ 有没有参照的另一个过去/将来时间。

时态	构成	主要用法	时间标志词
一般现在	do / does；am / is / are	习惯、反复；客观真理；时刻表；主将从现	always, usually, often, every day, on Sundays
一般过去	did；was / were	过去某时发生并已结束的动作或状态	yesterday, last week, in 2019, two days ago, just now
一般将来	will do；be going to do；be about to do	预测、临时决定（will）；打算、有迹象（be going to）	tomorrow, next week, in the future, soon
现在进行	am / is / are doing	此刻正在进行；现阶段暂时状态；按计划将发生	now, at the moment, look, listen, these days
过去进行	was / were doing	过去某一时刻正在进行；为另一动作提供背景	at 8 last night, at that time, while, when
将来进行	will be doing	将来某时刻"正处在"某动作中（不带主观意愿）	at this time tomorrow, this time next week
现在完成	have / has done	过去动作对现在的影响；从过去持续到现在	already, yet, just, ever, never, so far, since, for, in the past few years
过去完成	had done	过去的过去：以过去某时为参照，之前已完成	by the end of last year, by the time + 过去时, before
将来完成	will have done	到将来某时为止已完成	by the end of next month, by the time + 现在时
现在完成进行	have / has been doing	从过去持续到现在，并强调仍在继续、不间断	for + 时间段, since, all morning, how long
过去完成进行	had been doing	以过去某时为参照，之前一直在进行	for hours / all night + when…

公式速记

过去完成 = had + done　｜　将来完成 = will have + done　｜　完成进行 = have been + doing
by the time + 过去时 → 主句 had done　｜　by the time + 现在时 → 主句 will have done

例句对照

He has lived here for ten years. 现在完成：从十年前到现在，可能继续住。（for + 时间段用完成时）
He lived here for ten years. 一般过去：这十年已经结束，人已搬走。
He has been living here since 2015. 完成进行：一直住着、还在住，强调延续。
By the time we got to the cinema, the film had already begun. 从句一般过去，主句用得过去完成。
They will be flying over the Pacific at this time tomorrow. 将来进行：明天此刻正在飞。

易错点

看解析：5 个高频坑

瞬间动词不能 + for / since：× ~~I have bought the book for two years.~~　√ I have had the book for two years.　同类：borrow→keep, leave→be away, die→be dead, join→be a member of。
since 从句用一般过去，主句用现在完成：It is three years since he left.（也可 It has been…）
主将从现：时间 / 条件状语从句中用一般现在表将来，不用 will。× ~~If it will rain tomorrow, …~~　√ If it rains tomorrow, we will put off the meeting.
有明确过去时间状语就不能用现在完成：× ~~I have seen him yesterday.~~　√ I saw him yesterday.
过去完成必须"有参照物"：先有一个过去时间点，才有"过去的过去"。没有参照时直接用一般过去。

二、非谓语动词：to do / doing / done 三分天下

一个句子只有一个谓语。其余动词必须"降级"成非谓语：to do（将来·目的）、doing（主动·进行）、done（被动·完成）。

形式	含义	作主语	作宾语	作定语	作状语
to do	将来、一次性、目的	To master a language takes years.	decide / hope / plan + to do	the meeting to be held tomorrow（将来·被动）	He got up early to catch the bus.（目的）
doing	主动、进行、抽象习惯	Seeing is believing.	enjoy / mind / avoid + doing	the boy standing there（主动·正在）	Walking along the street, he met an old friend.
done	被动、完成	（很少）	（很少）	the book written by Lu Xun（被动·已写）	Seen from the hill, the city looks beautiful.
having done	主动、先发生	—	—	—	Having finished his work, he went home.
being done	被动、正在进行	—	—	the house being built now（正在被建）	Being asked to answer, she stood up.

固定搭配：背这三组就够

只接 to do	只接 doing	意思完全不同（必考）
decide / hope / wish / expect / plan / refuse / promise / manage / afford / offer / agree / pretend / happen + to do	enjoy / mind / avoid / finish / suggest / practise / imagine / consider / admit / deny / risk / appreciate / keep / can't help / feel like / be worth / look forward to / be used to / devote…to / stick to + doing	stop to do 停下来去做某事　/　stop doing 停止做某事 remember to do 记得要做　/　remember doing 记得做过 forget / regret / try / mean / go on 同理

used to do 过去常常（现在不了）　｜　be used to doing 习惯于　｜　be used to do 被用来做

易错点

看解析：4 个高频坑

悬垂分词：非谓语作状语的逻辑主语必须＝主句主语。× ~~Walking on the street, a car hit me.~~（走着的是人，不是车）√ Walking on the street, I was hit by a car.
to do 作定语表将来：the question to be discussed at the meeting（将在会上讨论）；the question discussed at the meeting（已讨论完）。
need / want / require + doing = to be done：The room needs cleaning. = The room needs to be cleaned.
介词后一律用 doing：be good at swimming、instead of crying、look forward to seeing you（这里的 to 是介词！）。

三、定语从句：关系词怎么选

两步走：① 先行词指人还是指物 ② 从句里缺什么成分。缺主/宾/表 → 关系代词；缺状语 → 关系副词。

关系词	指代	从句中作	例句
who	人	主语 / 宾语	The man who lives next door is a doctor.
whom	人	宾语（可省略）	The girl (whom) you met is my sister.
whose	人 / 物	定语（＋名词）	The boy whose father is a teacher won the prize.
which	物	主语 / 宾语	The book which is on the desk is mine.
that	人 / 物	主语 / 宾语	This is the village that we visited last year.
when = in/on which	时间	时间状语	I'll never forget the day when we first met.
where = in/at which	地点	地点状语	This is the house where my uncle was born.
why = for which	reason	原因状语	Tell me the reason why you were late.

限制性 vs 非限制性

	限制性定语从句	非限制性定语从句
逗号	无	有逗号隔开
作用	限定，"是那个……的"	补充说明，去掉不影响主句
that	可用	绝对不能用 that
which 指整句	不行	可以：He failed the exam, which made his parents angry.
翻译	译成"……的"	译成并列分句

介词 + 关系代词

介词从哪来？看从句里的动词搭配（write with a pen → with which）或先行词的习惯搭配（the reason for which）

介词后只能用 which / whom，不能用 that、who。例：This is the pen with which I wrote the letter.　The teacher to whom I spoke was very kind.

只能用 that 的场合

先行词是 all / everything / anything / nothing / little / much / none 等不定代词
先行词被 the only / the very / the same / the last 修饰
先行词被序数词或最高级修饰：the first thing that…；the best film that…
先行词既有人又有物：the people and things that…
主句以 who / which 开头（避免重复）
先行词本身是 anything / everything 等，"那……的东西"

看解析：where 还是 which？一道题判断法

把先行词"放回"从句，看句子缺什么：

This is the village ___ we visited last year. → we visited the village（缺宾语）→ 填 which / that
This is the village ___ he was born. → he was born in the village（缺状语）→ 填 where（＝ in which）

口诀："缺人缺物用代词，缺时间地点用副词"。

四、名词性从句：主语 / 宾语 / 表语 / 同位语

从句在句子里"当名词用"，就四种位置。引导词分三类：that（无义不作成分）、what / who / which（作成分有词义）、whether / if、when / where / why / how。

类型	位置	常用引导词	例句
主语从句	句首 / 形式主语 it	that, what, whether, who, when…	What he said surprised us all. / It is important that we should keep calm.
宾语从句	动词 / 介词后	that, what, whether(if), 疑问词	I wonder whether he will come. / I don't know what he wants.
表语从句	be 等系动词后	that, what, whether, why, because…	The question is whether we can finish it on time. / This is why he left.
同位语从句	fact / news / idea / belief / hope / doubt / question 后	that, whether, 疑问词	The news that he had won spread quickly.

that 与 what

	that	what
词义	无词义，只起连接作用	有意义＝ the thing(s) that
作成分	不作任何成分	必作主语 / 宾语 / 表语 / 定语
例句	I know that he is right.（he is right 已完整）	I know what he means.（means 缺宾语）
易混	× ~~I know what he is right.~~	× ~~What he said it made us happy.~~（what 已作宾语，不能加 it）

whether 与 if

下列情况只能用 whether：

句首主语从句：Whether he will come is not known.
表语从句：The question is whether it is worth trying.
同位语从句：the question whether we should go on
介词后：It depends on whether he agrees.
与 or not 直接相连：I don't know whether or not he'll come.
后接 to do：I can't decide whether to go.

语序：从句一律陈述句语序

× ~~Could you tell me when will the train arrive?~~　√ Could you tell me when the train will arrive?

口诀："前面是疑问，后面也要正着装"——从句内部不许倒装。

看解析：主语从句主谓一致

① What we need is more time.（what 作主语，谓语一般用单数）
② What we need are books.（表语是复数，也可用复数，属于"意义一致"）
③ It is clear that he was lying.（it 作形式主语，真正主语后置）

五、状语从句：八大类连词

类型	常用连词	例句
时间	when, while, as, before, after, until / till, as soon as, since, once, the moment	As soon as he arrived, we started dinner.
条件	if, unless, as long as, on condition that, in case, provided that	Unless you work harder, you'll fail.
原因	because, since, as, now that, for（并列，非从属）	Now that you've finished, you may go out.
让步	although / though, even though / even if, while（＝although）, no matter how, as（倒装）	Even if it rains, the match won't be cancelled.
目的	so that, in order that, for fear that（＋should）	He spoke louder so that everyone could hear.
结果	so…that, such…that, so that	He was so tired that he fell asleep at once.
比较	than, as…as, not as/so…as, the more…the more	The more you practise, the better you'll speak.
方式	as, as if / as though, the way	Do it as I told you.

as / while / when 的区别

连词	侧重	例句
as	"一边……一边……"、两个动作同时同步变化	As he grew older, he became quieter.
while	两个动作同时持续；或对比（＝whereas）	He read while I cooked. / While I admit it's hard, I'll try.
when	时间点或时间段都行；还可表"这时突然"	I was walking home when it began to rain.

三个高频连词

unless ＝ if…not：You will fail unless you work harder.（＝ if you don't work harder）注意 unless 从句本身不再加 not。
as long as ＝只要（条件）：As long as you keep practising, you'll improve.
even if ＝即使（让步）：Even if I fail, I'll try again.　区分 even though（＝虽然，事实）。

易错点

看解析：4 个高频坑

主将从现：时间 / 条件 / 让步从句不用 will。× ~~When he will come, I'll tell him.~~　√ When he comes, I'll tell him.
because 不与 so 连用，although 不与 but 连用（汉语习惯会带出来）。
not…until 的倒装与强调：Not until he came back did we leave.（倒装）／It was not until he came back that we left.（强调）
hardly…when / no sooner…than 固定搭配，且主句用过去完成 + 倒装：Hardly had she sat down when the phone rang.

六、虚拟语气：与事实相反怎么"退一步"

核心规律：现在退一步用过去，过去退一步用过完，将来退一步用 were to / should。

if 从句三种形式

与什么事实相反	if 从句	主句	例句
现在	did / were	would / could / might / should + do	If I were you, I would accept the offer.
过去	had done	would / could / might + have done	If I had known your address, I would have written to you.
将来	did / were to do / should do	would / could / might + do	If it should rain tomorrow, the match would be put off.

省略 if 要倒装：Were I you…　｜　Had I known…　｜　Should it rain…（三词提前，其余不变）

wish / as if / would rather

结构	对现在/将来	对过去
wish + 从句	did / were（I wish I knew the answer.）	had done（I wish I had studied harder.）
as if / as though	did / were（He talks as if he knew everything.）	had done（He looked as if he had seen a ghost.）
would rather + 从句	did（I'd rather you came tomorrow.）	had done（I'd rather you hadn't told him.）

should + 动词原形（should 可省略）

一坚持、二命令、三建议、四要求：insist / order, command / suggest, advise, propose, recommend / demand, require, request, ask, urge。这类动词后的宾语从句用 (should) + 动词原形；变名词 suggestion / advice / proposal / demand / requirement / order 后接同位语或表语从句同样如此。

The doctor suggested that he (should) give up smoking.　｜　It is necessary that we (should) keep calm.

看解析：suggest / insist 的两种面孔

suggest 表"建议" → 虚拟：He suggested that we (should) start early.
suggest 表"暗示、表明" → 不虚拟：His smile suggested that he was satisfied.
insist 表"坚持要求" → 虚拟：He insisted that I (should) stay.
insist 表"坚持说" → 不虚拟：He insisted that he was innocent.

七、倒装与强调

完全倒装（整个谓语搬到主语前）

地点 / 方向副词开头：Here comes the bus.　Out rushed the children.（主语是代词时不倒：Here it is.）
表语提前：Gone are the days when we were poor.
there be 句型：There stands an old temple on the hill.

部分倒装（只把助动词 / 情态动词 / be 提前）

触发条件	结构	例句
否定词 / 半否定词提前：never, seldom, hardly, little, rarely, not until, no sooner, by no means, at no time, in no case, nowhere	否定词 + 助动词 + 主语 + 动词	Never before have I seen such a performance. / Not until midnight did he go to bed.
only + 状语 / 状语从句提前	Only + 状语 + 助动词 + 主语	Only when he came back did we learn the truth. / Only in this way can you succeed.
so / neither / nor 表"也 / 也不"	So / Neither + 助动词 + 主语	— I like coffee. — So do I. / — I don't like it. — Neither do I.
so…that 中 so + 形容词提前	So + adj. + 助动词 + 主语 + that…	So tired was he that he fell asleep at once.
as / though 引导让步	形容词 / 副词 / 名词 + as + 主语 + 谓语	Young as he is, he knows a lot.
虚拟条件省略 if	Were / Had / Should + 主语	Had I known it, I would have told you.

强调

It is / was + 被强调部分 + that（人也可用 who）+ 其余部分

强调主语：It was Tom that broke the window.
强调地点状语：It was in the library that I first met him.（此处不能用 where）
强调时间状语：It was in 2019 that he graduated.
强调 not until：It was not until he came back that we left.
强调谓语（do / does / did）：I do hope you'll come.　He did call you yesterday.

看解析：一句话分清强调句和定语从句

把 It is / was … that 去掉，如果剩下的词能重新拼成一个完整句子，就是强调句。

It was in the library that I met him. → 去掉后 "I met him in the library." 完整 ⇒ 强调句，填 that。
It was the library where I met him. → 去掉后 "I met him the library." 不通 ⇒ 定语从句，填 where。

八、高频词汇与 30 组易混词

完形填空和语法填空的失分，一半在这些"长得像"的词上。左边是辨析要点，右边是例句。

词对	区别	例句
affect / effect	affect 动词"影响"；effect 名词"影响、效果"（have an effect on）	The noise affected my sleep. / It had a bad effect on me.
adapt / adopt	adapt 适应（to）、改编；adopt 采纳、收养	He adapted to the new school. / They adopted a new plan.
lie / lay	lie (lay, lain, lying) 躺、位于，不及物；lay (laid, laid, laying) 放置，及物	He lay on the grass. / She laid the book on the desk.
rise / raise	rise (rose, risen) 上升，不及物；raise (raised, raised) 举起、提高，及物	Prices have risen. / Raise your hand.
borrow / lend	borrow 借入（from sb）；lend 借出（lend sb sth）	I borrowed a book from him. / He lent me a book.
sensible / sensitive	sensible 明智的；sensitive 敏感的（to）	It's sensible to book early. / She is sensitive to criticism.
economic / economical	economic 经济的（growth, policy）；economical 节约的、划算的	economic growth / an economical car
beside / besides	beside 在……旁边；besides 除……之外还有（补充）	Sit beside me. / Besides English, he speaks French.
advice / advise	advice 不可数名词；advise 动词（advise sb to do）	a piece of advice / I advise you to rest.
practice / practise	英式：practice 名词，practise 动词；美式两者都用 practice	Daily practice helps. / Practise every day.
succeed / success / successful	动 / 名 / 形，succeed in doing；be successful in	He succeeded in passing. / It was a success.
principal / principle	principal 主要的、校长；principle 原则、原理	the principal reason / moral principles
stationary / stationery	stationary 静止的；stationery 文具	a stationary car / a stationery shop
compliment / complement	compliment 赞美、恭维；complement 补充、与……相配	He paid her a compliment. / The wine complements the dish.
desert / dessert	desert 沙漠；dessert 甜点（重音在后）	the Sahara Desert / ice cream for dessert
personal / personnel	personal 个人的；personnel 全体人员、人事	personal opinion / the personnel department
quiet / quite	quiet 安静的；quite 相当、十分	Keep quiet. / It's quite easy.
through / thorough	through 穿过、通过；thorough 彻底的、细致的	walk through the park / a thorough check
lose / loose	lose 丢失、输（lost, lost）；loose 松的、宽松的	Don't lose it. / a loose shirt
expect / except	expect 期待、预料；except 除……之外	I expect to win. / Everyone came except Tom.
accept / receive	accept 主动接受（心理同意）；receive 收到（客观动作）	I received the gift but didn't accept it.
injure / wound	injure 事故、运动受伤；wound 刀枪等外伤	injured in a crash / wounded in battle
cost / spend / take / pay	cost 主语是物；spend 主语是人（on / in doing）；take 用 it takes sb time to do；pay 人 pay for	It took me an hour. / I spent an hour on it.
attend / join / take part in	attend 出席（会议、婚礼）；join 加入组织；take part in 参加活动	attend a meeting / join the club / take part in a debate
say / tell / speak / talk	say sth (to sb)；tell sb sth；speak 语言、正式发言；talk with / to sb	He told me a story. / She speaks three languages.
bring / take / fetch / carry	bring 带来；take 带走；fetch 去取回来；carry 搬运（无方向）	Bring it here. / Take it away. / Fetch some water.
before long / long before	before long 不久以后（＝soon）；long before 很久以前	He'll come before long. / I had seen it long before.
in charge of / in the charge of	前者"主管、负责"；后者"由……掌管"	He is in charge of the team. / The team is in the charge of him.
hard / hardly	hard 努力地、困难的；hardly 几乎不（否定词，可触发倒装）	Work hard. / I can hardly hear you.
every day / everyday	every day 时间状语；everyday 形容词"日常的"	I run every day. / everyday English

补充 10 组（同样高频）

词对	区别
a number of / the number of	a number of + 复数名词，谓语用复数（许多）；the number of + 复数名词，谓语用单数（……的数量）
amount of / number of	amount 修饰不可数；number 修饰可数
most / mostly / almost	most 大多数；mostly 主要地；almost 几乎
late / later / latest / lately	late 迟的；later 后来；latest 最新的；lately 最近（＝recently）
farther / further	farther 距离更远；further 进一步（抽象）
all together / altogether	all together 一起；altogether 完全、总共
some time / sometime / sometimes / some times	some time 一段时间；sometime 某时；sometimes 有时；some times 几次
used to do / be used to doing / be used to do	过去常常 / 习惯于 / 被用来做
dress / wear / put on	dress 宾语是人；wear 表状态；put on 表动作
sit / seat	sit 不及物（sit down）；seat 及物（seat oneself / be seated）

九、阅读理解：五类题型各一句口诀

题型	识别	解题口诀	操作
细节题	who / when / where / how / 具体数字	先题后文，定位原句；同义替换才是答案，照抄原词多半是陷阱	题干关键词回原文定位 → 读定位句前后一句 → 比对选项的"改写"
主旨大意题	main idea / best title / mainly about	首段首句 + 各段首句 + 末段结论；不选太窄（细节），不选太宽（跑题）	先看文章结构（总分 / 分总 / 对照），标题要能"罩住"全文
推理判断题	infer / suggest / imply / learn from	答案不在字面，一步推理为限；原文必须有据可查，不能凭空想象	排除"原文原句"（不是推理）和"过度延伸"（超出一步）
词义猜测题	the word "X" probably means	看同义复现 / 反义对比 / 构词法 / 冒号破折号后的解释 / 举例	把选项代回原句读一遍，通顺即对；注意感情色彩一致
态度观点题	attitude / tone / the author thinks	抓感情色彩词（fortunately, unfortunately, critical, optimistic）；极端词（completely, never）多为错	态度一般四选一：supportive / objective / critical / doubtful

看解析：读文章的顺序建议

先读题干（不读选项），划出关键词，心里有目标。
读文章时标记转折词 however / but / yet 和因果词 because / therefore——考点最爱藏在这些地方。
定位句读整句，别只看半句；注意否定词 not / hardly / rather than 和比较级。
主旨题最后做，做完细节题其实已经读懂全文了。

十、七选五与完形填空

七选五：三个抓手

① 代词指代：空格后出现 this / these / it / they / such / the former，那前一句必定出现过对应的名词（单复数、人/物都要对上）。例：空格后是 "These measures…"，前一句必须提到复数措施。
② 逻辑转折：however / but / instead / on the contrary 后接相反信息；besides / moreover / what's more 后接同向补充；therefore / as a result 后接结果。
③ 总分结构：小标题下第一句常是"总"，后面是"分"。空格若在段首，选"总起句"；在段末，选"总结句"。

七选五做题顺序：先做有代词和逻辑词的（最确定）→ 再做小标题 → 最后排除法填剩下的

完形填空：三条线索

线索	怎么用
上下文复现	原词复现、同义词复现、反义词复现。答案往往在上文 1~2 句里已经"说过一遍"。
逻辑关系	however / but / although（转折）；so / therefore / thus（因果）；besides / also（并列）。先判断空格所在句与前句是"同向还是反向"，再去选词。
固定搭配	动词 + 介词（depend on, result in）、名词 + 介词（reason for）、形容词 + 介词（be aware of）。搭配熟了，一半的题是白送。

💡 完形第一遍通读全文不做题（只抓大意和情感基调：是"温暖鼓励"还是"困难成长"），第二遍再逐空选，第三遍把答案代回去读一遍。

十一、写作：应用文模板 + 读后续写

应用文（书信 / 通知 / 演讲稿）

文体	开头	主体	结尾
书信	Dear Chris, I'm writing to apply for the position of… / I'm writing to invite you to… / I'm writing to ask for your advice on…	First of all, … What's more, … Besides, … I would appreciate it if you could…	I'm looking forward to your early reply. Thank you for your consideration. Yours, Li Hua
通知	Notice In order to…, an activity is to be held…	All students are requested to… / Please gather at… / The activity will last from… to…	Everyone is welcome. / Please be on time. The Student Union
演讲稿	Good morning, everyone! It's a great honour to speak here today. The topic of my speech is…	To begin with, … What's more, … Last but not least, …	In conclusion, let's take action right now. Thank you for listening.

读后续写：三件事

五感描写：Sight（the golden sunlight streamed through the window）、Sound（a gentle breeze whispered through the leaves）、Smell（the sweet smell of freshly baked bread）、Taste、Touch（her hands trembled with excitement）。每段至少塞进 2 种感官，画面立刻立体。
情节推进：用"动作链"代替"情绪形容词"。× ~~He was very nervous.~~　√ His fingers tightened around the envelope; he took a deep breath and stepped forward.　公式：动作 1 → 动作 2 → 结果/反应。
首尾呼应：第二段结尾回到第一段/原文出现过的物件、场景或一句话，形成闭环。开头是 "the old wooden bench"，结尾就写 "He sat down on the old wooden bench again, smiling."

评分要点（对照打分）

维度	高分做法	常见扣分
内容要点	题目要求的点一条不漏，顺序合理	漏要点、写偏题
语法准确	时态统一（记叙用过去时）、主谓一致、非谓语正确	时态跳来跳去、句子无谓语
词汇句式	高级词 + 复合句（定语从句、非谓语、倒装各来一个）	全篇简单句、重复用 good / very
连贯衔接	first / besides / however / as a result / in conclusion	没有连接词，句子堆砌
规范格式	书信有称呼和落款，通知有标题和发布单位，字数达标	缺格式、字数不足

✅ 看完这一页，去 训练环节 刷 20 题（即时判分），再用 测试环节 20 分钟闭卷检验一次。

高中英语 · 核心语法与应试技巧 语法 + 题型 + 写作